Hamid-World

 

All that hard work sending out resumes has finally paid off and you've been called in for a face-to-face job interview.

Congratulations!

This is an important step in your job search. It's also your only chance to make a lasting first impression.
On the day of your interview, sweating palms and stomach butterflies are to be expected. But you can reduce your stress level by knowing some common mistakes that interviewees make when meeting with potential employers -- and avoiding them.

Here are 10 of the most common mistakes people make on job interviews:

1. Not taking the interview seriously: Don't make the mistake of thinking the interview is just a formality. Even if all the preliminaries have gone well, don't be cavalier and start imagining how you'll start spending your new salary. The biggest error you can make is to assume that, because you've gotten this far, the job is in the bag.

2. Dressing down: How you present yourself during your initial meeting with a potential employer is very important, and your physical appearance can speak volumes to someone who is meeting you for the first time. Even if you know that the firm allows employees to wear jeans, don't sabotage yourself by showing up to the interview in casual clothing. Err on the side of conservative and show up in neat, professional clothing, preferably a business suit.

3. Not showing why you're the best choice: Be familiar with the job description of the position you're interviewing for so you can illustrate how your experience, abilities, and strengths are in line with the company's needs. Many potential employers want to know why they should hire you specifically. Make it clear to them.

4. Being too modest: Failing to talk yourself up during an interview is one of the most self-defeating mistakes you can make. This is not the time for humility, so sing your praises! Don't be afraid to talk up everything you've accomplished, whether in school or in previous companies. This is your time to shine.

5. Talking too much: Be careful not to talk over the interviewer. This meeting should be a two-way conversation, and many interviewees cover up their nervousness by blathering on. Sit calmly and listen carefully, answering questions thoughtfully.

6. Focusing on the funds: Don't start talking about money too soon into the interview. Focusing on your salary requirements and previous salary history right off the bat may cause you to reveal too much. While the topic of salary will certainly come up, follow the interviewer' s lead. He or she may be saving that topic for a later conversation.

7. Trash talking: Even if you hated your former boss or felt you were treated unfairly by your previous employer, a job interview is not the place to launch into a litany of complaints. Don't go there. If you were laid off or fired from a previous position, be prepared with an explanation that puts a positive spin on the circumstances.

8. Failing to ask questions: Your résumé may be impressive on paper, but employers also appreciate a candidate who can ask several intelligent questions during an interview. Prepare at least 3 or 4 questions in advance to ask the interviewer. Interviews are an exchange of information, and not having questions to ask can reveal a lack of preparation.

9. Lack of enthusiasm: This is your first and sometimes only chance to showcase your personality. Don't walk in announcing how you're having a bad day. Be polite and upbeat. Show your enthusiasm for both the job and the opportunity to interview for it. And don't forget to thank the person at the end of the interview!

10. Forgetting the follow-up: Make sure to send a handwritten thank-you note or polite email to the interviewer expressing gratitude for his or her time and consideration.. And while you don't want to start calling the company on a daily basis, a phone call checking in a week after the interview is perfectly acceptable.

Google will have a bazillion different listing s for this, all complicated processes. Maybe i just got lucky with this one, but try it first!

My problem was an install from windows update the often gets corrupted, xml4. Whenever I shut down my computer, Windows said it is installing update 1 of 1. It toggled between the message of “Installing update 1 of 1″ and a don’t turn off the computer, it would shut down by itself. But it will stay on that until I force shut down, and still be there whenever I want to restart or shutdown. If this is you:

1. Disable automatic updates > more on that
2. Download “msxml4-KB936181-enu.exe” from the Microsoft site, not Windows Update.
3. Run the program > Remove
4. Reboot
5. Run the program again > Install
6. Turn on Automatic Updates. I left automatic updates OFF, but the problem should be fixed so you shouldn’t have to.

dhe orissa e-Admission declared College wise 1st Selection List at dheorissa.in. DHE Orissa 11th Std 1st Selection List at www.dheorissa.in DHE Orissa Selection List 2009 at www.dheorissa.in
Department of Higher Education Orissa 11th Standard First Selection List 2009 at www.dheorissa.in

Sometimes we create projects just for experimentation and then soon after we are done with the experimentation, we delete the project from the file system in order not to clutter up our working environment. But what about Visual Studio? The Start page of Visual Studio has a list of recent projects and it is meant for a convenient feature. But for the experimental projects that no longer exist, that list does not really reflect the reality.

To remove the projects from the list, follow these steps:

1. Close Visual Studio if it is running.
2. Start the Registry Editor (run regedit).
   
   
   
   
3. Navigate to this registry key:
   HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\8.0\ProjectMRUList
   
   
   
   
4. Then delete the key that has the project you do not want to keep in the list.

A little note to keep in mind is that the list only lists consecutive items starting File1. So if in the above list I deleted File6, then only projects corresponding to File1 to File5 will be displayed in the recent project list. File7 and above will not be displayed. If in case you like File7 and above to be displayed, you will need to rename one of the keys so that they form a consecutive numbered list.

Some people prefer not to display the label count in their blogs as it looks a bit unprofessional. Lets say if you have a label 'Funny sms' with 50 label count and another one ' Good morning sms' with 2 as label count... less people will show interest on clicking the second one.

So, lets see how to hide or remove the Label count in your blogger blog(s)...

1. Sign into Blogger dashboard » Layout » Edit html
Tick the expand widget templates and remove this line from the template..

<span dir='ltr'>(<data:label.count/>)</span>


2. Save the Changes and done!

---

Introduction into Microsoft Access
Starting Up Microsoft Access
Creating New, and Opening Existing Databases
Creating a database using a wizard
Creating a database without using a wizard
Tables - What they are and how they work
    Create a table from scratch in Design view
    Primary Keys
    Switching Views
    Entering Data
    Manipulating Data
    Advanced Table Feature Examples
Relationships - How to link multiple tables together
Forms - What they are and how they work
    Creating A Form Using A Wizard
Reports - What they are and how they work
    Creating A Report Using A Wizard
    Creating Mail Merge Labels using aWizard


Microsoft Access Description

• Microsoft Access is a powerful program to create and manage your databases. It has many built in features to assist you in constructing and viewing your information. Access is much more involved and is a more genuine database application than other programs such as Microsoft Works.
  
  This tutorial will help you get started with Microsoft Access and may solve some of your problems, but it is a very good idea to use the Help Files that come with Microsoft Access, or go to Microsoft's web site located at http://microsoft.com/office/access/default.htm for further assistance.
  
  First of all you need to understand how Microsoft Access breaks down a database. Some keywords involved in this process are: Database File, Table, Record, Field, Data-type. Here is the Hierarchy that Microsoft Access uses in breaking down a database.
  

  	Database File: This is your main file that encompasses the entire database and that is saved to your hard-drive or floppy disk. Example) StudentDatabase.mdb
  	Table:A table is a collection of data about a specific topic. There can be multiple tables in a database. Example #1) Students Example #2) Teachers
  	Field:Fields are the different categories within a Table. Tables usually contain multiple fields. Example #1) Student LastName Example #2) Student FirstName
  	Datatypes:Datatypes are the properties of each field. A field only has 1 datatype. FieldName) Student LastName Datatype) Text

  
  
  This tutorial will help you get started with Microsoft Access and may solve some of your problems, but it is a very good idea to use the Help Files that come with Microsoft Access (or any program you use for that matter), or go to Microsoft's web site located at http://microsoft.com/office/access/default.htm for further assistance.

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Starting Microsoft Access

• Two Ways
  
  1. Double click on the Microsoft Access icon on the desktop.
     
  2. Click on Start --> Programs --> Microsoft Access
     

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Creating New, and Opening Existing Databases

The above picture gives you the option to:

• Create a New Database from scratch
• Use the wizard to create a New Database
• Open an existing database

• The white box gives you the most recent databases you have used. If you do not see the one you had created, choose the More Files option and hit OK. Otherwise choose the database you had previously used and click OK.

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Create a database using the Database Wizard

1. When Microsoft Access first starts up, a dialog box is automatically displayed with options to create a new database or open an existing one. If this dialog box is displayed, click Access Database Wizards, pages, and projects and then click OK.
   
   If you have already opened a database or closed the dialog box that displays when Microsoft Access starts up, click New Database on the toolbar.

2. On the Databases tab, double-click the icon for the kind of database you want to create.

3. Specify a name and location for the database.

4. Click Create to start defining your new database

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Create a database without using the Database Wizard

1. When Microsoft Access first starts up, a dialog box is automatically displayed with options to create a new database or open an existing one. If this dialog box is displayed, click Blank Access Database, and then click OK.
   
   If you have already opened a database or closed the dialog box that displays when Microsoft Access starts up, click New Database on the toolbar, and then double-click the Blank Database icon on the General tab.

2. Specify a name and location for the database and click Create. (Below is the screen that shows up following this step)
   

   

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Tables

A table is a collection of data about a specific topic, such as students or contacts. Using a separate table for each topic means that you store that data only once, which makes your database more efficient, and reduces data-entry errors.

Tables organize data into columns (called fields) and rows (called records).

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Create a Table from scratch in Design view

1. If you haven't already done so, switch to the Database Window You can press F11 to switch to the Database window from any other window.
   
2. Double-Click on "Create table in Design view".
   (DESIGN VIEW)
3. Define each of the fields in your table.
• Under the Field Name column, enter the categories of your table.
• Under Data Type column, enter the type you want for you categories.

  • The attribute of a variable or field that determines what kind of data it can hold. For example, in a Microsoft Access database, the Text and Memo field data types allow the field to store either text or numbers, but the Number data type will allow the field to store numbers only. Number data type fields store numerical data that will be used in mathematical calculations. Use the Currency data type to display or calculate currency values. Other data types are Date/Time, Yes/No, Auto Number, and OLE object (Picture).

• Under the Description column, enter the text that describes what you field is. (This field is optional).
• For our tutorial enter the following items:
  

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Primary Key

• One or more fields (columns) whose value or values uniquely identify each record in a table. A primary key does not allow Null values and must always have a unique value. A primary key is used to relate a table to foreign keys in other tables.
• NOTE: You do not have to define a primary key, but it's usually a good idea. If you don't define a primary key, Microsoft Access asks you if you would like to create one when you save the table.
• For our tutorial, make the Soc Sec # field the primary key, meaning that every student has a social security number and no 2 are the same.
  • To do this, simply select the Soc Sec # field and select the primary key button
    
  • After you do this, Save the table

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Switching Views

• To switch views form the datasheet (spreadsheet view) and the design view, simply click the button in the top-left hand corner of the Access program.

Datasheet View	Design View
Displays the view, which allows you to enter raw data into your database table.	Displays the view, which allows you to enter fields, data-types, and descriptions into your database table.

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Entering Data

• Click on the Datasheet View and simply start "chugging" away by entering the data into each field. NOTE: Before starting a new record, the Soc Sec # field must have something in it, because it is the Primary Key. If you did not set a Primary Key then it is OK.

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Manipulating Data

• Adding a new row
  • Simply drop down to a new line and enter the information
• Updating a record
• Simply select the record and field you want to update, and change its data with what you want
• Deleting a record
  • Simply select the entire row and hit the Delete Key on the keyboard

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Advanced Table Features w/Microsoft Access

• Assigning a field a specific set of characters
  • Example) Making a Social Security Number only allows 9 characters.
    1. Switch to Design View
    2. Select the field you want to alter
    3. At the bottom select the General Tab
       
       
    4. Select Field Size
    5. Enter the number of characters you want this field to have
• Formatting a field to look a specific way (HINT: You do not need to assign a field a specific set of characters if you do this)
• Example) Formatting Phone Number w/ Area Code (xxx) xxx-xxxx
1. Switch to Design View
2. Select the field you want to format
3. At the bottom select the General Tab
4. Select Input Mask Box and click on the ... button at the right.
5. Select Phone Number option
   
6. Click on Next
7. Leave !(999) 000-0000 the way it is. This is a default.
8. Click Next
9. Select which option you want it to look like
10. Click Next
11. Click Finish
• Selecting a value from a dropdown box with a set of values that you assign to it. This saves you from typing it in each time
• Example)Choosing a city that is either Auburn, Bay City, Flint, Midland, or Saginaw
1. Switch to Design View
2. Select the field you want to alter (City)
3. At the bottom select the Lookup Tab
4. In the Display Control box, select Combo Box
5. Under Row Source Type, select Value List
6. Under Row Source, enter the values how you want them displayed, separated by a comma. (Auburn, Bay City, Flint, Midland, Saginaw)
   • NOTE:This will not alphabetize them for you, so you will have to do that yourself. It should look something like this:
     
7. Select in the datasheet view and you should see the change when you go to the city field.
   

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Relationships

After you've set up multiple tables in your Microsoft Access database, you need a way of telling Access how to bring that information back together again. The first step in this process is to define relationships between your tables. After you've done that, you can create queries, forms, and reports to display information from several tables at once.

A relationship works by matching data in key fields - usually a field with the same name in both tables. In most cases, these matching fields are the primary key from one table, which provides a unique identifier for each record, and a foreign key in the other table. For example, teachers can be associated with the students they're responsible for by creating a relationship between the teacher's table and the student's table using the TeacherID fields.

Having met the criteria above, follow these steps for creating relationships between tables.

1. In the database window view, at the top, click on Tools ---> Relationships
2. Select the Tables you want to link together, by clicking on them and selecting the Add Button
3. Drag the primary key of the Parent table (Teacher in this case), and drop it into the same field in the Child table (Student in this case.)
   
4. Select Enforce Referential Integrity
   
   • When the Cascade Update Related Fields check box is set, changing a primary key value in the primary table automatically updates the matching value in all related records.
   • When the Cascade Delete Related Records check box is set, deleting a record in the primary table deletes any related records in the related table
5. Click Create and Save the Relationship

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Forms

A form is nothing more than a graphical representation of a table. You can add, update, delete records in your table by using a form. NOTE: Although a form can be named different from a table, they both still manipulate the same information and the same exact data. Hence, if you change a record in a form, it will be changed in the table also.

A form is very good to use when you have numerous fields in a table. This way you can see all the fields in one screen, whereas if you were in the table view (datasheet) you would have to keep scrolling to get the field you desire.

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Create a Form using the Wizard

It is a very good idea to create a form using the wizard, unless you are an advanced user and know what you are doing. Microsoft Access does a very good job of creating a form using the wizard. The following steps are needed to create a basic form:

1. Switch to the Database Window. You can do this by pressing F11 on the keyboard.
2. Click on the Forms button under Objects on the left side of screen
3. Double click on Create Form Using Wizard
4. On the next screen select the fields you want to view on your form. Most of the time you would select all of them.
5. Click Next
6. Select the layout you wish
7. Click Next
8. Select the style you desire...HINT: if you plan on printing your form, I suggest you use a light background to save on printer toner and ink
9. Click Next
10. Give you form a name, and select Open the Form and enter information
11. Select Finish
12. You should see your form. To adjust the design of your form, simply hit the design button (same as with the tables), and adjust your form accordingly

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Reports

A report is an effective way to present your data in a printed format. Because you have control over the size and appearance of everything on a report, you can display the information the way you want to see it.

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Create a Report using the Wizard

As with the Form, it is a very good idea to create a report using the wizard, unless you are an advanced user. Microsoft Access does a very good job using the wizard to create reports.

1. Switch to the Database Window. You can do this by pressing F11 on the keyboard.
2. Click on the Reports button under Objects on the left side of screen
3. Double click on Create Report Using Wizard
4. On the next screen select the fields you want to view on your form. Most of the time you would select all of them.
5. Click Next
6. Select if you would like to group your files. Keep repeating this step for as many groupings as you would like.
7. Click Next
8. Select the layout and the paper orientation you desire
9. Click Next
10. Select the style you desire...HINT: if you plan on printing your report, I suggest you use a light background to save on printer toner and ink
11. Click Next
12. Give you report a name, and select Preview the Report
13. Select Finish
14. You should see your report. To adjust the design of your report, simply hit the design button (same as with the tables), and adjust your report accordingly

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Creating Mail Merge Labels using a Wizard

Microsoft Access lets you create Mailing Labels for your database that you have. To do this do the following:

1. Switch to the Database Window. You can do this by pressing F11 on the keyboard.
2. Click on the Reports button under Objects on the left side of screen
3. Click on New
   
4. Select Label Wizard and the table you would like to get your information from.
   
5. Click OK
6. Select the layout of your labels
7. Click Next
8. Select the font size and color you want on each label
9. Click Next
10. Select how you want your label to look
11. Click Next
12. Select how you want your labels sorted
13. Give your label report a name and preview it

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Coding Queries

Once you’ve created a database and populated it with data you need to find a way to get the data out to view. You also need to be able to change, remove or update the data in order for a database to be truly useful. So how do you go about doing this?

Well, to communicate with a database in Microsoft Access you use what is called SQL or Structured Query Language.

Microsoft Access makes manipulating database information very easy because it allows users to manipulate data visually or through coding using VBA. Both methods enable you to retrieve specific information based on set conditions.

For example in a database that holds information about books you might want to view books that were written by a specific author instead of viewing all the books in the database. This type of limitation is also called filtering and is fully supported by MS Access.

To demonstrate the use of SQL in Access we are going to create a database called Books with two tables called genre and book. So, we startup Microsoft Access 2000 and create a database with the above details. Then after creating the database, create the tables with the following data and structure:

Fig 1. Books table structure

Fig 2. Books table Data

Fig 3. Genre table structure

Fig 4. Genre table Data

Creating a Query

Microsoft Access makes this extremely easy to do. Simply click on Insert » Query, you will then get dialog box popping up that will give you various options to create a query. If you are new to creating queries then I suggest you take the Simple Query Wizard option, because the wizard will guide you in creating the kind of query that you want otherwise use the design view option.

After creating the query, you have a choice of saving it for later use. For the purposes of this article, save the query as ListEducationalBooks. I’ve created this query using the visual design method which as the name suggests lets you construct a query visually:

Fig 5. Creating the query in design view

The query retrieves a list of all the titles that fall within the educational genre. You can create the same query programmatically, using CreateQueryDef() function.

The function has the syntax: CreateQueryDef(QueryName, SQLStatement).

The first argument of the function is the name of the new query that you want to create and the second argument is the SQL statement i.e.:

Private Sub createquery_Click()
  Dim query As String
       Query = "SELECT books.title FROM books WHERE (((books.genreID)=3))"
       CreateQueryDef(ListEducationalBooks, Query) 
End Sub

Running a query

After creating and saving the query it automatically becomes a method of the database object. You can execute the query or “open” it by clicking on the red exclamation mark on the toolbar or selecting Query and then run from the menu bar.

To run the query through code, you use the OpenQuery() method of the doCmd object. The method takes three arguments which is the name of the query, view (optional) and the datamode (optional).

The syntax is as follows: OpenQuery(QueryName, View, DataMode)

You can use the method in something like this:

Private Sub Command2_Click()
    On Error GoTo Err_Command2_Click

    Dim stDocName As String

    stDocName = "ListEducationalBooks"
    DoCmd.OpenQuery stDocName, acNormal, acEdit

Exit_Command2_Click:
    Exit Sub

Err_Command2_Click:
    MsgBox Err.Description
    Resume Exit_Command2_Click

End Sub

In Unix, how do I change the permissions for a file?

You can change file permissions with the chmod command.
In Unix, file permissions, which establish who may have
different types of access to a file, are specified by both access
classes and access types. Access classes are groups of users, and
each may be assigned specific access types. The access classes are
"user", "group", "other", and "all". These refer, respectively, to
the user who owns the file, a specific group
of users, the other remaining users who are not in the group, and all
three sets of users. Access types (read, write, and execute)
determine what may be done with the file by each access class.

There are two basic ways of using chmod to change file
permissions:

Symbolic method

The first and probably easiest way is the relative (or symbolic)
method, which lets you specify access classes and types with single
letter abbreviations. A chmod command with this form of
syntax consists of at least three parts from the following lists:

Access Class	Operator	Access Type
u (user)	+ (add access)	r (read)
g (group)	- (remove access)	w (write)
o (other)	= (set exact access)	x (execute)
a (all: u, g, and o)

For example, to add permission for everyone to read a file in the
current directory named myfile, at the Unix prompt, you
would enter:

chmod a+r myfile

The  a  stands for "all", the

 +  for "add", and the
 r  for "read".

Note: This assumes that everyone already has access
to the directory where myfile is located and its parent
directories; that is, you must set the directory permissions
separately.

If you omit the access class, it's assumed to be all, so you could
also enter the previous example as:

chmod +r myfile

You can also specify multiple classes and types with a single command.
For example, to remove read and write permission for group and other
users (leaving only yourself with read and write permission) on a file
named myfile, you would enter:

chmod go-rw myfile

You can also specify that different permissions be added and removed
in the same command. For example, to remove write permission and add
execute for all users on myfile, you would enter:

chmod a-w+x myfile

In each of these examples, the access types that aren't specified are
unchanged. The previous command, for example, doesn't change any
existing settings specifying whether users besides yourself may have
read ( r ) access to myfile. You
could also use the exact form to explicitly state that group and other
users' access is set only to read with the  = 
operator:

chmod go=r myfile

The chmod command also operates on directories. For
example, to remove write permission for other users on a subdirectory
named mydir, you would enter:

chmod o-w mydir

To do the same for the current directory, you would enter:

chmod o-w

Be careful when setting the permissions of directories, particularly
your home directory; you don't want to lock yourself out by removing
your own access. Also, you must have execute permission on a directory
to switch ( cd ) to it.

Absolute form

The other way to use the chmod command is the absolute
form. In this case, you specify a set of three numbers that together
determine all the access classes and types. Rather than being able to
change only particular attributes, you must specify the entire state
of the file's permissions.

The three numbers are specified in the order: user (or owner), group,
other. Each number is the sum of values that specify read (4), write
(2), and execute (1) access, with 0 (zero) meaning no access. For
example, if you wanted to give yourself read, write, and execute
permissions on myfile; give users in your group read and
execute permissions; and give others only execute permission, the
appropriate number would be calculated as (4+2+1)(4+0+1)(0+0+1) for
the three digits 751. You would then enter the command as:

chmod 751 myfile

As another example, to give only yourself read, write, and execute
permission on the current directory, you would calculate the digits
as (4+2+1)(0+0+0)(0+0+0) for the sequence 700, and enter the command:

chmod 700

If it seems clearer to you, you can also think of the three digit
sequence as the sum of attributes you select from the following table:

400 read by owner
200 write by owner
100 execute by owner

040 read by group
020 write by group
010 execute by group

004 read by others
002 write by others
001 execute by others

To create an access mode, sum all the accesses you wish to permit.
For example, to give read privileges to all, and write and execute
privileges to the owner only for a file, you would sum:
400+200+100+040+004 = 744. Then, at the Unix prompt, you would enter:

chmod 744 myfile.ext

Some other frequently used examples are:

777	anyone can do anything (read, write, or execute)
755	you can do anything; others can only read and execute
711	you can do anything; others can only execute
644	you can read and write; others can only read

More information

For more information about chmod, consult the manual
page. At the Unix prompt, enter:

man chmod

1 Log In Session

1.1 Log In

Enter username at login: prompt. Be carefull - Unix is case sensitive.
Enter password at password: prompt.

1.2 Change Password

passwd

1.3 Log Out

logout or exit

2 File System

2.1 Create a File

cat >  file      Enter text and end with  ctrl-D
vi  file         Edit  file  using the  vi  editor 

2.2 Make a Directory

mkdir   directory-name

2.3 Display File Contents

cat   file    display contents of  file 
more  file    display contents of  file one screenfull at a time.
view  file    a read only version of vi. 
less  file    similar to, but more powerfull than more. 
              See the man page for more infomation on less.

2.4 Comparing Files

diff file1 file2   line by comparison
cmp file1 file2    byte by byte comparison

2.5 Changing Access Modes

chmod mode file1 file2 ...
chmod -R  mode dir (changes all files in  dir  )

    Mode Settings

 u  user (owner)
 g  group
 o  other

 +  add permission
 -  remove permission

 r  read
 w  write
 x  execute

Example: chmod go+rwx public.html adds read, write, and execute permissions for group and other on public.html.

2.6 List Files and Directories

ls        list contents of directory
ls -a     include files with "." (dot files)
ls -l     list contents in long format (show modes)

2.7 Move (or Rename) Files and Directories

mv src-file dest-file    rename src-file to  dest-file
mv src-file dest-dir     move a file into a directory
mv src-dir dest-dir      rename src-dir, or move to dest-dir
mv -i src dest           copy & prompt before overwriting

2.8 Copy Files

cp src-file dest-file    copy src-file to  dest-file
cp src-file dest-dir     copy a file into a directory
cp -R src-dir dest-dir   copy one directory into another
cp -i src dest           copy & prompt before overwriting

2.9 Remove File

rm file      remove (delete) a file
rmdir dir    remove an empty directory
rm -r dir    remove a directory and its contents
rm -i file   remove file, but prompt before deleting

2.10 Compressing files

compress file       encode file, replacing it with file.Z
zcat file.Z         display compressed file
uncompress file.Z   decode file.Z, replacing it with file

2.11 Find Name of Current Directory

pwd    display absolute path of working directory

2.12 Pathnames

simple:

One filename or directory name for accessing local file or directory.

Example: foo.c

absolute:

List of directory names from root directory to desired file or directory name, each separated by /.

Example: /src/shared

relative:

List of directory names from working directory to desired file or directory name, each separated by /.

Example: Mail/inbox/23

2.13 Directory Abbreviations

~           Your home (login) directory
~username   Another user's home directory
.           Working (current)  directory
..          Parent of working directory
../..       Parent of parent directory

2.14 Change Working Directory

cd /	   			go to the root directory
cd        			go to your login (home) directory
cd ~username 			go to username's login (home) directory
				not allowed in the Bourne shell
cd ~username/directory		go to username's indicated directory
cd ..				go up one directory level from here
cd ../..			go up two directory levels from here
cd /full/path/name/from/root	change directory to absolute path named 
 				note the leading slash
cd path/from/current/directory	change directory to path relative to here. 
				note there is no leading slash

3.0 Commands

3.1 Date

date    display date and time

3.2 Wild Cards

?    single character wild card
*    Arbitrary number of characters

3.3 Printing

lpr file            print file on default printer
lpr -Pprinter file  print file on printer
lpr -c# file        print # copies of file
lpr -d file         interpret file as a dvi file
lpq                 show print queue (-Pprinter also valid)
lprm -#             remove print request # (listed with lpq)

3.4 Redirection

command > file		direct output of command to file instead of
			to standard output (screen), replacing current 
			contents of file

command > > file	as above, except output is appended to the current 
			contents of file

command < file		command receives input from file instead of
			from standard input (keyboard)

cmd1 | cmd2		"pipe" output of cmd1 to input of cmd2

script file		log everything displayed on the terminal to file; 
			end with exit

4 Search Files

grep string filelist 		show lines containing string in any file 
				in filelist
grep -v string filelist 	show lines not containing string
grep -i string filelist 	show lines containing string, ignore case

5 Information on Users

finger user or
finger user@machine 	get information on a user
finger @machine 	list users on machine
who      		list current users

6 Timesavers

6.1 Aliases

alias string command     abbreviate command to string

6.2 History: Command Repetition

Commands may be recalled

history    show command history
!num       repeat command with history number num
!str       repeat last command beginning with string str
!!         repeat entire last command line
!$         repeat last word of last command line

7.0 Process and Job Control

7.1 Important Terms

pid		Process IDentification number.  See section 7.2.
job-id 	Job identification number. See section 7.2.

7.2 Display Process and/or Job IDs

ps       report processes and pid numbers
ps gx    as above, but include "hidden" processes
jobs     report current jobs and job id numbers

7.3 Stop (Suspend) a Job

ctrl-Z    NOTE:process still exists!

7.4 Run a Job in the Background

To start a job in  background add & to the end of the command. 
Example: xv foo.gif &

To force a running job into the background:

ctrl-Z    stop the job
bg        "push" the job into the background

7.5 Bring a Job to the Foreground

fg              bring a job to foreground
fg %job-id      foreground by job-id (see 7.2)

7.6 Kill a Process or Job

ctrl-C                 kill foreground process
kill -KILL pid#        see 7.2 for 
kill -KILL %job-id#    displaying  pids & job-ids 

8.0 Mail Handler (MH)

MH commands are issued directly to the terminal.

inc        incorporate new mail
scan       show list of mail messages
show       show current message
next       show next message
prev       show previous message
repl       reply to current message
forw       forward current message
comp       compose a mail message
rmm        remove current mail message
cmd -help  print help on mh commmand cmd 

The file .mh_profile is used to enable/disable MH features. man mh-profile for more information.

9.0 On-line Assistance

On-line Documentation

man command-name   display on-line manual pages
man -k  string     list one-line summaries of manual pages containing string

 

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